Leave a comment lol

• Implementada por Dennis Ritchie em 1970 e utilizava o sistema operacional UNIX;

• As linguagens precursoras foram BCPL (Martin Richards) e B (Ken Thompsom);

• Um grande número de implementações de C foram criadas. Para criar um padrão entre todas, foi criado o C padrão ANSI.

C é uma linguagem de médio nível

• C é assim classificada pois combina elementos de linguagens de alto nível (Pascal, BASIC) com a funcionalidade e recursos de linguagens de baixo nível (Assembly).

• Esta característica torna os programas escritos em C portaveis, ou seja, embora desenvolvidos para um tipo de computador podem ser adaptados para outro.

C é uma linguagem estruturada

• Compartimentalização do código e dos dados : dividir e esconder do resto do programa informações necessárias para se realizar uma tarefa;

• Esta característica é atingida pelo uso de funções (isoladas) e variáveis locais. Assim os eventos que ocorrem dentro de cada função não atingem o resto do programa.

• Linguagens modernas apresentam o modelo estruturado.

Compiladores X Interpretadores

• São programas sofisticados que operam sobre o código-fonte do programa;

• Código fonte: O texto de um programa que o usuário pode ler (programa). É a entrada para o compilador;

• Interpretador: Lê o código-fonte linha por linha, e executa a instrução específica contida na linha. Deve estar presente em toda execução;

• Compilador: Lê o programa inteiro e converte-o em um código-objeto, que é a tradução do código-fonte em código de máquina, sendo então passível de execução direta pelo computador (apenas digitando seu nome). Entrada para o linkeditor;

• Tempo de Compilação: Eventos que ocorrem enquanto o programa é compilado (erro de sintaxe - escrita);

• Tempo de Execução: Eventos que ocorrem quando o programa é executado (erro de semântica – significado, lógica);

Forma de um programa em C

• A linguagem C padrão é formada por 32 palavras-chave, cujo número pode variar de acordo com o compilador utilizado;

• Todas as palavras chave são MINÚSCULAS;

• Em C minúsculas e maiúsculas são diferentes, ou seja, else ELSE;

• Todo programa C consiste em uma ou mais funções com funções definidas;

• A única função obrigatória é a main(), que a primeira a ser chamada quando o programa é executado;

A lista de palavras chave é :

auto	double	int	switch
break	enum	long	typedef
case	extern	register	union
char	float	return	unsigned
const	for	short	void
continue	goto	signed	volatile
Do	if	sizeof	while
default	else	static	struct

A forma geral de um programa é:

declarações globais (variáveis, funções e bibliotecas);

tipo main (lista de parâmetros)

{

seqüência de comandos;

}

tipo função1 (lista de parâmetros)

{

seqüência de comandos;

}

.

.

.

tipo funçãon (lista de parâmetros)

{

seqüência de comandos;

}

A biblioteca e a Linkedição

• Todo compilador C vem com uma biblioteca padrão de funções que realizam as tarefas necessárias e mais comuns;

• Portanto uma biblioteca, nada mais é que um arquivo contendo as funções que um programa C pode usar (funções de E/S e outras rotinas úteis);

• O padrão ANSI especifica o conjunto mínimo de funções que pode variar de compilador para compilador;

• As bibliotecas básicas mais utilizadas para problemas simples são: <stdio.h>=e/s;<math.h>=recursos matemáticos, etc....

• Para executar as mesmas em programas, temos a sintaxe:

#include <bibliot>

• O linkeditor combina o código-objeto do programa escrito com o código objeto das funções da biblioteca C padrão e gera um programa executável.

Compilação de um programa

Criação do programa

Compilação do programa

Linkedição do programa com as funções

Obs.: A maioria dos compiladores já vem com editores que texto para feitura dos programas. Em outros onde não estes não estão inclusos deve-se usar editores padrão para criar o programa.

Expressões em C

Tipos básicos de Dados

Informa ao compilador a forma de tratamento de dados;

• O tamanho e faixa de valores variam com o tipo de processador e compilador. São eles:

1. inteiro (int)= ocupa geralmente 1 byte;

2. caracter(char)= ocupa geralmente 2 bytes representados por valores definidos pelo conjunto de caracteres ASCII

3. ponto flutuante(float)= depende da representação

4. ponto flutuante de precisão dupla (double)= idem anterior;

5. sem valor (void)= define funções sem retorno.

Modificadores de tipo básicos

• São usados para alterar o significado de um tipo básico para adapta-lo mais precisamente às necessidades de diversas situações;

• Devem preceder os tipos quando da declaração de variáveis;

• São: signed (com sinal), unsigned(sem sinal), short(curto), long (longo)

Todos os tipos de dados definidos no padrão ANSI

Tipo	Tamanho aproximado em bits	Faixa
Char	8	-127 a 127
Unsigned char	8	0 a 255
Signed char	8	-127 a 127
Int	16	-32767 a 32767
Unsigned int	16	0 a 65535
Signed int	16	O mesmo que int
Short int	16	O mesmo que int
Unsigned short int	16	0 a 65535
Signed short int	16	O mesmo que short int
Long int	32	-2.147.483.647 a 2.147.483.647
Signed long int	32	O mesmo que long int
Unsigned long int	32	0 a 4.294.967.295
Float	32	Seis digitos de precisão
Double	64	Dez dígitos de precisão
Long double	80	Dez dígitos de precisão

Variáveis

• Uma variável é uma posição nomeada de memória que é usada para guardar um valor que pode ser modificado pelo programa;

• Todas as variáveis a serem utilizadas em um programa devem ser declaradas antes de serem usadas;

• A forma geral (sintaxe) é:

tipo lista de variáveis;

onde tipo é qualquer tipo de dados válido em C padrão e lista de variáveis pode consistir em um ou mais nomes de identificadores separados por vírgulas;

Identificadores

• São nomes dados a funções, variáveis e outros objetos definidos pelo usuário;

• Pode ter de um a diversos caracteres (6 quando estiver envolvido em linkedição e 31 quando não estiver). O número é definido pelo compilador;

• Deve começar com uma letra ou um sublinhado “_” e os caracteres subseqüentes devem ser letra, números ou sublinhados.

• Não pode ser igual a uma palavra chave;

• Letras maiúsculas e minúsculas são tratadas diferentes então = cont, Cont e CONT são identificadores distintos.

Exemplos:

Correto	Incorreto
Count	1count
teste23	hi!there
nome_alu	nome…aluno

Onde as variáveis são declaradas

1. Variáveis Globais: Declaradas fora de todas as funções. É conhecida, utilizada, alocada, e mantém seu valor enquanto o programa estiver em execução.

2. Variáveis Locais: Declaradas internamente as funções ou blocos “{ }”. São conhecidas e utilizadas somente no bloco de comandos onde foram criadas. Existem apenas enquanto o bloco em que foram declaradas está sendo executado.

3. Parâmetros Formais: Se uma função usa argumentos, estas variáveis devem ser declaradas. Sua validade na função é idêntica a das variáveis locais.

Exemplos:

Global

#include <stdio.h>

int x;

void main (void)

{

}

Local

#include <stdio.h>

void main (void)

{

int x;

}

ou

void main (void)

{

int I;

I=10;

{

int j;

j=10

}

Parametro formal

#include <stdio.h>

void main (void)

{

...

}

void f1 (int i)

{

I=2+5;

}

Inicialização de variáveis

• Valores podem ser dados as variáveis no momento da declaração;

• Sintaxe: tipo nome_da_variável = constante;

• Exemplos:

char ch = ’a’;

int first = 0;

float balance = 123.23;

Constantes

São valores fixos que o programa não pode alterar;

• Pode ser dos cinco valores básicos de C;

• Constantes caracter: envolvidas por aspas simples (ex.:‘Cascavel’),

• Constantes inteiras: especificadas com números sem componentes fracionários (ex.:10,-100),

• Constante ponto flutuante: requerem o ponto decimal seguido da parte fracionária no número (ex.: 11.23)

• Constantes string: Conjunto de caracteres colocados entre aspas duplas. Exemplo: “Curitiba é a capital do Paraná” é uma string.

• Constantes caracter de barra inversa: A grande maioria das constantes caracter podem ser impressas. Porem outros caracteres como “retorno do carro” ou “pular uma linha” são impossíveis inserir pelo teclado por uma representação gráfica. Assim, estas constantes definem caracteres não impressos pelos comandos de saída.

Alguns exemplos:

código	Significado
\n	Nova linha
\a	Alerta (beep)
\b	Retrocesso
\r	Retorno de carro

Operadores

• Operador de atribuição: Representado pelo caracter “=” e estabelece a sintaxe : nome_da_variável = valor

exemplo: i =10;

Também pode definir atribuições múltiplas: i = j = x = 10;

• Operadores Aritméticos: Realizar operações elementares da matemática entre dados numéricos. A tabela abaixo aponta os principais operadores e a ordem de prioridade de execução dos mesmos.

maior

Operador	Ação
++ --	Incremento e Decremento
-	Menos
* / %	Multiplicação, divisão e resto divisão inteira
+ -	Soma e subtração

menor

Obs.1: O operador de incremento soma um a seu operando e o de decremento subtrai um de seu operando. Assim: x = x+1 é o mesmo que x++ e que ++x. E x = x-1 é o mesmo que x-- ou --x. Quando são usados em expressões a posição determina a ordem se execução, ou seja:

x =10; y = ++x; o y recebeu 11 e

x=10; y=x++; o y recebeu 10 e x recebeu 11

Obs2.: Existe uma variante do comando de atribuição chamado de C reduzido, que simplifica a codificação de um certo tipo de operações de atribuição. Por exemplo: x = x +10; pode ser reescrito como x += 10; Assim, podemos reduzir o código para quaisquer operadores aritméticos através da sintaxe: var operador=expressão

Operadores Relacionais e Lógicos

• Operadores Relacionais servem para comparar números: >, >=, <,<=, = =, !=.

• Operadores Lógicos resultam valores verdadeiro e falso para expressões e regem os resultados a partir destas combinações lógicas: &&, !!, ! (e, ou e não).

• As expressões podem combinar os dois tipos de operadores e o resultado sempre será verdadeiro (em C qualquer valor diferente de 0) ou falso (em C é 0)

• A tabela verdade para os operadores lógicos podem descritas como:

Precedência

maior

!

> >= < <=

= = !=

&&

!!

menor

Operadores Parênteses “( )”: Alteram a ordem de execução das expressões. Os primeiros cálculos a serem resolvidos pelo compilador são os escritos nos parênteses mais internos. Ex.: x = 1* (2+3)

Resumo das Precedências

Maior

( )

++ -- -

- / %

+ -

< <= > >=

= = !=

!

&&

!!

= += - = *= /=

Menor

Download

Para fazer o download do DEV-CPP clique no link abaixo

http://www.bloodshed.net/devcpp.html

Bentornati a Top Of The Mascalzone! Oggi vi presento in esclusiva la nuova canzone della mia idola: Beyoncè!

La canzone si intitola If I Were A Boy, in cui nel testo Bee si mette nei panni di un ragazzo sapendo però ovviamente tutte le cose che passano le ragazze. La canzone è una bella ballata ma non è l’unica canzone che farà uscire Beyoncè. Infatti l’uscita del suo terzo album sarà anticipata da una double realise, vale a dire che un singolo sarà mandato in america e un altro nel resto del mondo contemporaneamente. Per l’altro singolo dovremmo ancora aspettare: si sa solo che si intitolerà Single Ladies e sarà una uptempo !(canzone ritmata)

Bhè adesso vi lascio il link della canzone dove potete trovare anche il testo:

http://y100.elvisduran.com/pages/news/beyonce/

Voto:9

Pillole Dal Passato

La pillola dal passato di questa settimana è Can’t Fight The Moonlight di Leann Rimes. Canzine anche questa molto famosa, è impossibile non averla mia sentita. Il ritornello quando entra in testa non vuole più uscire! Inoltre anche il testo è molto bello e carico di significato. Tratto dalla colonna sonora di Le ragazze del Coyote Ugly ecco Can’t Fight The Moonlight!:

Alla prossima!

Dal vostro blogghista MascalzoneSimpa

Current Flyers captain Mike Richards won a Calder Cup with the Phantoms in 2005. Also see: Phantoms defeat Flyers, 4-2

Tuesday night, in a final act of brotherly love, the Philadelphia Flyers faced off against their American Hockey League affiliate, the Philadelphia Phantoms, at the Wachovia Spectrum.

The game marked the last time the Flyers will appear in their storied old home. In case you didn't get the memo, Philadelphia is quite the hockey town.

For the past 13 seasons, in fact, the Flyers and the Phantoms have been almost a stone's throw away from each another. On one side of the parking lot at 3601 South Broad Street is the Spectrum, home to the Phantoms, while on the other is the Wachovia Center, occupied by the Flyers.

Sadly, the elder of the two buildings is scheduled for demolition in the fall of 2009.

The Spectrum, which cost $7 million to build and opened in 1967, was the original home to the Flyers, who played there for 29 seasons. But that changed when the $210 million Wachovia Center opened its doors in August 1996. Instead of leveling the old house then, the Flyers purchased an American Hockey League franchise in December 1995. That team, the Philadelphia Phantoms, began operation in 1996-97 at the Spectrum under coach and Hockey Hall of Famer Bill Barber.

"I just made sure the players were aware what kind of honor and privilege it was to play in the Spectrum and that we needed to carry on the tradition as a minor-league team that's associated with the Flyers," Barber told NHL.com. "That included effort, commitment and being able to pay the price to win."

They did, winning two Calder Cups (1998, 2005).

"If Philadelphia is not the most passionate sports town in North America, I don't know what is," Flyers general manager Paul Holmgren said. "It's a blue-collar town and they want to see hard work and effort and I think if you give them that, you'll be OK. But they're very passionate and the mood of Philadelphia is dictated by the success of their sports teams. It's interesting because, as a player, it pushes you to your limits, but in a good way."

Hockey Hall of Famer and former Flyers captain Bob Clarke agrees.

"Philadelphia is the No. 1 professional hockey town in this country," said Clarke, now the Flyers' senior vice president. "We sold out our building since the beginning of the '70s and the Phantoms even draw like crazy. No city comes close to Philadelphia in supporting professional hockey."

On June 19, 1974, a then-capacity Spectrum crowd of 17,007 saw the Flyers win the city's first professional championship following a 1-0 victory against the Boston Bruins in Game 6 of the Stanley Cup Final. Almost 24 years later (June 10, 1998), a crowd of 17,380 watched the Phantoms close out their first championship at the Spectrum with a 6-1 decision against the Saint John Flames in Game 6 of the Calder Cup Final.

Holmgren, who was the Flyers' director of player personnel at the time, remembers the scene at the Spectrum.

"It was pretty wild, and the fact we closed out the series in the Spectrum was pretty neat," Holmgren said. "It was a raucous crowd and the celebration afterwards spilled over into the parking lot and streets. It was a major championship for a minor-league team and was pretty cool. Our championship in '05 was even better because we had over 20,000 fans packed in the Wachovia Center and there was a huge spotlight on that series, and the final game in particular."

Current Flyers coach John Stevens captained the 1998 Phantoms title team, and coached the 2005 titlists.

"I came here in '96 when they brought the Phantoms to Philadelphia and there were so many links to the tradition of the Flyers that we were able to piggy-back on," Stevens said. "First, we're playing in the actual Spectrum where it all began, Bill Barber was our coach and Bob Clarke was the general manager. They even brought (Hockey Hall of Fame broadcaster) Gene Hart back out of retirement to do our games on television. Everywhere you turned there were links to the past and (the Phantoms) had a really good, rugged team back then so we really jumped on the coat-tails of the tradition that had been established long before in the Spectrum.

"We were leaders in attendance every year and the fans just accepted us with open arms, so I think the Phantoms and Flyers really worked well together. You know, Philly is a great sports town – not just for hockey, but all sports, and I think the recognition and fan support this city shows has enabled the hockey clubs to function the way they have all these years."

Having the Flyers and Phantoms within close proximity certainly had its benefits.

"Obviously the greatest benefit of having two teams playing so close to one another was having players accessible for recalls," Flyers assistant GM Barry Hanrahan said. "Over the course of a season players do get injured, and the 23-man roster never stays to where it's set at on opening day. So that benefit alone was tremendous, but more importantly I think just to have them training in the same facility (Flyers Skate Zone in Voorhees, N.J.), where all players were essentially under the watchful eye of the general manager, director of hockey operations and director of player personnel on a daily basis, was tremendous."

Sharing the same training facility presented young prospects an opportunity to practice like the pros.

"I remember when Mike Richards and Jeff Carter were with the Phantoms and they came to the training facility over the summer and watched how Mark Recchi and John LeClair would prepare," Holmgren said. "Here are Hall of Fame-caliber players working their butt off and doing what they need to do to stay in shape for the upcoming season. That certainly leaves an impression on a young kid. And even today, a guy like Phantoms defenseman Mike Ratchuk, who we're really high on, gets to watch Kimmo Timonen work out and practice. It's like being a fan, where you can see your favorite players every day."

"(Having the Phantoms and Flyers in the same complex) helped in a variety of ways," Stevens said. "First off, this city loves hockey and we were able to support two teams and share the same game rink and practice facility while being able to see our players all the time. When guys were called up they weren't displaced from their home life and they went to the same practice rink and the same game rink.

"On top of that, all the injuries were basically taken care of by the same doctors, rehabilitation therapists and strength coaches, and when you needed a player, he was just down the hall. It kept everyone under one roof, whereas in other places you wouldn't be able to watch your prospects. Here, we're fortunate because we can watch and monitor each player's progress throughout the whole year."

Keeping the NHL team and AHL affiliate close by also had economic advantages.

"I think from a cost standpoint, it's important to know that if you need a player, you can get him in here as soon as possible and avoid wasting a day of travel, which would delay his availability for practice or even suiting up for that night's game," Hanrahan said.

According to Hanrahan, once a player is recalled he is essentially on the NHL roster and being paid. Whether the player is practicing with the club or flying into town, he still counts on the salary cap.

"So if a player has the flu and we're left shorthanded, all we need to do is walk 30 or 40 feet down the hall and call up a player so long as we have the cap space," Hanrahan said. "You can always call up a player, make the transaction and then reassign him after 5 p.m. the next day or however long you want to keep the player."

It remains to be seen where the Phantoms will relocate following the upcoming season, but it appears the Flyers will do anything within their power to make sure the team remains nearby.

"There have been some preliminary talks, but we still have logistics to work out," Hanrahan said. "As we get into the season, our management will move forward and try to get a definitive place for where they'll be next season."

What seems certain is the Spectrum will be replaced by an entertainment district that will include a hotel, restaurants, shops and, according to Flyers chairman Ed Snider, "the world's biggest and best sports bar."

"It'll be called 'Philly Live,' and while we're still in need of the permits from the city, it should be an exciting destination point for all sports fans," Snider said. "And it won't be solely for the people who come to the football, baseball, hockey and basketball games, either. We feel people without a ticket to an event will come just as they would into Center City (Philadelphia) to go to a restaurant to have some fun. It'll be a wonderful destination spot and we're looking forward to the next phase in that development."

Also see: Phantoms defeat Flyers, 4-2

you shud wacth the whole thing its really gud, and double is gona be taking that path serious so look out for him......

Hopefully, the weather isn't a sign of things to come for the rest of the season. It was dire. It rained all the way there and continued all through the first three divisions. Then it got cold. And windy. And colder.

Anyway, enough of the weather, to the racing. Our first crews out were Steve and I, Vet C 2x., and Kieran, J16 1x. After much faffing around at the start (not terribly well marshalled I'm afraid) we got off. It had been raining so much that we had about an inch of water in the bottom of the boat  (useful for gauging how powerful the strokes were, as it surged more when we put the power down) but despite this we had a good row and finished with a pleasing time of 10:59. Much credit to Steve who steered an awesome line down the course, absolutely spot on throughout. There was one great point when Steve called that we were pulling out - to overtake another crew. First time we've done that, so very gratifying.

Other crews out were Karen (her first competitive outing in a single for around 20 years, so all credit to her for that!), and Bethany and Jordan (singles and doubles) and Salv and Kieran (also singles and doubles, Salv's first race for us).

No overall wins to report but three second places (all three of the doubles) and very impressive rows all round. The juniors are definitely becoming a force to be reckoned with and it can't be long before we get a win, surely.

Final drama of the day was getting off the trailer park. We pushed the trailer off through the quagmire then I needed some willing volunteers to push my car out! Then back home, via Star Club to pick up Martin's newly acquired boats for the juniors and, a little sadly, Jo's boat. Following a massive disagreement with her coach at Star, she's now left them and is coming back to row for us full time. Still, Star's loss is most definitely our gain so welcome back Jo!

Para todos os românticos (e cafonas) de plantão, vou bancar o locutor romântico e dedico esses quatro vídeos para você que está na frente de seu computador e sonha em viver um grande e inabalável amor.

Inspirado pelo post abaixo, não resisti e tive que puxar boa parte de minha memória afetiva para separar quatro clássicos que pecam pelo excesso de romantismo.

Já havia feito um Mixtape para o dia dos namorados e esse invernico passageiro fez o “Dr. Amor” baixar neste ranzinza discotecário.

Double - The Captain Of Her Heart

Brenda Russel - Piano In The Dark

Foreigner - I wanna know what Love is

Rick Astley - Cry For Help

BEZZI

]]> http://johnsmusicallife.wordpress.com/?p=103 Sun, 05 Oct 2008 21:36:22 +0000 John Baylies http://johnsmusicallife.ro.wordpress.com/2008/10/05/two-more-tracks-double-dissonance-darkscape/ Double Dissonance came from an idea I had while making Deep Under the Vacuum. It has four tracks, the top two have the same note, with one being a few cents flatter than the other, creating that wah-wah sound you hear when two instruments are slightly out of tune. The bottom two also have the same note, but not the same as the top two. Again, one track is a few cents flatter that the other, creating that wah-wah effect. The top two tracks are panned all the way to the left, and the bottom two are panned all the way to the right. So you have one wah-wah in one ear, and another in the other ear. Then the tracks pan back and forth, letting you listen to the changes in the wah-wah effect. The tune finally ends in a final, non-dissonant chord. It's much simpler than what I just described. Here's the link: DoubleDissonance.mp3 Be sure that you don't have any "sound enhancers" turned on. It will ruin the effect.

Darkscape is just me looped over myself. It's just for fun. (what isn't?) Link: Darkscape.mp3 Again, make sure you don't have any "sound enhancers" turned on. It will ruin the effect.

Also, some woman I served today told me she was fed up with men. It seemed like an odd thing to say to a male, so it's possible she's another in the list of people who I confuse. Or, she was just being a bitch. Either way, I laughed.

Here is just the beginning of a long list of examples:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwCdVT1KQrA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwjOcW9O8nQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWb9Fkjd6cM

McCain is against all types of pork, or so one would believe! Yesterday, McCain supported, in the Senate, a 451 paged phone book sized bill that includes, not only a $700 billion bailout plan, but upwards of $1.7 billion in PORK.

These pork projects include: Funds to Manufacturers of kids' wooden arrows ($6 million), support to Puerto Rican and Virgin Islands rum producers ($192 million), Wool research money, NASCAR Auto-racing tracks ($128 million), funds towards corporations operating in American Samoa ($33 million), incentive packages to small- to medium-budget film and television productions ($10 million), and a $223 million package of tax benefits for fishermen and others whose livelihoods suffered as a result of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill!

How can you say you are against "pork" and support such a pork bill? This is political double-talk at its finest, or worst. Come on McCain, you can't be against pork and then support $128 million towards a NASCAR track or $6 million towards wooden arrows!

This is a cruel joke, and the American tax payer is taking a severe hit.

Converter inteiro para string
String.valueOf(nome_da_variavel)

Converter inteiro, duplo e data para string
nome_da_variavel_ou_metodo.toString()

Converter string para inteiro
Integer.parseInt(nome_da_variavel_ou_metodo)

Converter string para double
Double.parseDouble(nome_da_variavel_ou_metodo)

flw

You can click on the image to get a better view of this not surprising Craigslist ad from LA seeking a Sarah Palin actress for an adult film.

And while the actress will not be subjected to any "anal," Sarah Palin may just get . . . well, never mind. Let's just say that we hope Joe Biden is on his best game tomorrow evening during the debate.

No pressure Joe . . .

Oh, almost forgot - click HERE if you'd like to see the live ad (assuming that it's still there).

 These are a few pics from the shoot they are jus rough scanned, the proper ones soon come, i fink robin a pretty good job

We got a little video clip coming out of dat day, so look out for dat, dat will be coming out on marvell network tv, some people are afraid of heights

HA NOI — Monosodium glutamate (MSG) producer Vedan dumped nearly 110,000 cu.m of post-fermentation molasses residue and solid waste every month into the Thi Vai River – 2.5 times higher than earlier findings, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment announced yesterday.

An earlier investigation by the ministry and the Environment Police Department said the company had discharged 45,000 cu.m of post-fermentation molasses waste into the river. However, after discovering that the firm had built a submerged pipeline to discharge effluent into the river the estimate was markedly raised, said Luong Duy Hanh, from the Ministry’s Environmental Protection Department.

In addition, more than 800 cu.m of waste mud was discharged into the Thi Vai River daily, said Hanh.

To avoid detection, the company stored the post-fermentation molasses waste from monosodium glutamate and lysine factories into a 7,000 cu.m container unit. A second container of 15,000 cu.m and some other smaller containers of 1,500 cu.m were also buried. The containers were connected by a system of pipelines and the waste pumped into the middle of the river some eight metres below the surface, said Hanh.

Nguyen Son Tu, who works for Vedan, said the waste was pumped into the river for 12 hours each day.

Ministry officials said water quality tests found that pigment levels in the Thi Vai River were 3,675 times higher than permitted levels, while COD levels were 2,957 times, BOD5 levels 1,057 times higher, and TSS and ammonia more than 100 times higher.

After the Ministry’s first investigation, Vedan built a new network of underground pipelines to avoid detection.

The Ministry said Vedan would have to pay the cost of restoring the river, which is now devoid of life, and compensate those whose health had been damaged as a result of their illegal activities. The company has also been ordered to pay earlier environmental fees totalling US$ 5.74 million, which they had avoided for years.

Tran Hong Ha, the deputy minister of Natural Resources and Environment, said the official decision on punishments would be made public this week. —